We also examine the underlying process of this effect and find that self-affirmation bolsters a sense of personal control among those who feel financially deprived, which in turn reduces their delay discounting (Study 2). In Study 2 ( n = 432), we manipulate the feeling of financial deprivation and demonstrate that self-affirmation reduces delay discounting among those who feel financially deprived. Specifically, in Study 1 ( n = 546), we show that among participants with relatively lower income, self-affirmation effectively reduces delay discounting. Results of two high-powered, preregistered experiments support this proposition. Accordingly, we propose that self-affirmation-an intervention known to buffer negative consequences of psychological threats-may reduce delay discounting of the financially deprived. In the present research, we argue that this counterproductive tendency may be driven, at least in part, by the aversive and self-threatening nature of experiencing financial deprivation. Financial deprivation is associated with excessive discounting of delayed rewards.
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